Research Paper The Great Depression Essay Example

Research Paper The Great Depression Essay Which are the main factors that led to the Great Depression? Crash of the Stock Market One of the main caused the collapse of the stock market was double price of the stocks. Shareholders increased the price of stocks in order to make high profits. For instance, the Dow Jones Industrial Average won from 191 in 1928 to 381 in 1929. (Gussmorino) Furthermore, a lot of people (despite they didn’t have all the money) started to buy stocks on credit because were more profitable. For instance, if Mr. Brown purchases one share from Lee company for $10 and borrowing $85, after one or two years he could sell it for $350. Because the prices of the market were flying very high, the demand was lower. For this reason, borders lowered the prices and started to sell as quickly as they could. But by this action they made the crash closer than they could imagine. Finally, the stock market crash of 1929 caused stockholders to lose more than $40 billion dollars, and bank failures all over the United States. (Gusmorino) We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper The Great Depression specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper The Great Depression specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper The Great Depression specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Overproduction Companies started to produce more than the market’s quantity demand. Said in other words there was a surplus, which brought the market to the depression. (Himmelberg) Farmers and industries produced more goods then were demanded. Also the trade with foreign countries, especially with Europe low down. Colin (October 19, 2008) in his article â€Å"Causes and Effects of the Great Depression† stated that there was an overproduction because firms were selling, but no one was purchasing. Families were very poor for buying goods that market offered. It was very hard to find a new job. Industries and farms lowered the number of workers because they had enough goods to sell. The Monetary Factor Monetary reduction was one of the factors that brought in Great Depression. In 1928-1929 the American’s banks raised the interest rates. This limited loans for business and supply of money. These limitations slow down the economy b

Denisova Cave - First Evidence of the Denisovan People

Denisova Cave - First Evidence of the Denisovan People Denisova Cave is a rockshelter with important Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic occupations. Located in the northwestern Altai Mountains some 6 km from the village of Chernyi Anui, the site shows human occupation from the Middle Paleolithic to the Late Middle Paleolithic, beginning ~200,000 years ago. Most importantly, the cave is where the first evidence was discovered of Denisovans, a newly identified species of human being. Key Takeaways: Denisova Cave Denisova Cave is a rockshelter in the Altai Mountains of Siberia.First location where new hominid species Denisovan was identified, reported in 2011Human occupations include Neanderthals, Denisovans, and one individual of Neanderthal and Denisovan parentageCultural remains are similar to that found at Mousterian (Neanderthal) Upper Paleolithic sitesOccupations date between 200,000 and 50,000 years ago The cave, formed from Silurian sandstone, is ~28 meters above the right bank of the Anui River near its headwaters. It consists of several short galleries extending out from a central chamber, with a total cave area of some 270 sq. m. The central chamber measures 9x11 meters, with a high arched ceiling. Pleistocene Occupations at Denisova Cave Excavations in the central chamber at Denisova have revealed 13 Pleistocene occupations between 30,000 and ~125,000 years bp. The chronological dates are by and large radiothermalluminescence dates (RTL) taken on sediments, with the exception of Strata 9 and 11, which have a handful of radiocarbon dates on charcoal. The RTL dates on the lowest are considered unlikely, probably only in the range of 125,000 years ago. Stratum 9, Upper Paleolithic (UP), Mousterian and Levallois, ~46,000 (OIS-2)Stratum 11, Initial Upper Paleolithic, Altai Mousterian, ~29,200-48,650 BP (OIS-3)Strata 20-12, Later Middle Paleolithic Levallois, ~69,000-155,000 BPStrata 21 and 22, Initial Middle Paleolithic Levallois, Mousterian, ~171,000-182,000 BP (OIS-5) Climate data derived from palynology (pollen) and faunal taxa (animal bone) suggests that the oldest occupations were located in birch and pine forests, with some large treeless areas in higher elevations. The following periods fluctuated considerably, but the coldest temperatures occurred just before the Last Glacial Maximum, ~30,000 years ago, when a steppe environment was established. Hominins Hominid remains recovered from the cave include four Denisovans, two Neanderthals, and one individual, Denisova 11, represented by a fragment of a long bone, that genetic investigations indicate was the child of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. The individual was at least 13 years old at death: and her genetic makeup indicates that her father, too, was the result of sexual congress between a Neanderthal and a Denisovan. The earliest Denisovan in the cave lived between 122.7–194.4 thousand years ago (kya); another lived between 105.6 and 136.4 kya; and two lived between 51.6 and 76.2 kya. Neanderthals lived between 90.0 and 147.3 kya; and the Denisovan/Neanderthal child lived between 79.3 and 118.1 kya. The most recent date is not that different from the nearby Ust Ishim site, an Initial Upper Paleolithic site dated between 45–48 kya, leaving the possibility that Ust Ishim may have been a Denisovan occupation. Denisova Cave Upper Paleolithic Although the site is for the most part stratigraphically quite intact, unfortunately, a major discontinuity separates the two UP levels 9 and 11, and the contact between them is significantly disturbed, making it difficult to securely separate the dates of the artifacts in them. Denisova is the type site for what Russian archaeologists have called the Denisova variant of Altai Mousterian, belonging to the Initial Upper Paleolithic period. Stone tools in this technology exhibit use of the parallel reduction strategy for cores, large numbers of laminar blanks and tools fashioned on large blades. Radial and parallel cores, limited numbers of true blades and a diverse series of ​racloirs are also identified in the stone tool assemblages. Several remarkable art objects have been recovered within the Altai Mousterian layers of the cave, including decorative objects of bone, mammoth tusk, animal teeth, fossilized ostrich egg shell and mollusk shell. Two fragments of a stone bracelet made of drilled  worked and polished dark green chloritolite was discovered in these UP levels at Denisova. A set of bone tools including small needles with drilled eyes, awls and pendants, and a collection of cylindrical bone beads has also been found in the Upper Paleolithic deposits. Denisova contains the earliest evidence of eyed needle manufacture in Siberia. Denisova and Archaeology Denisova Cave was discovered over a century ago, but its Pleistocene deposits were not recognized until 1977. Since then, extensive excavations by the Russian Academy of Sciences at Denisova and nearby sites of Ust-Karakol, Kara-Bom, Anuy 2 and Okladnikov have recorded considerable evidence about the Siberian Middle and Upper Paleolithic. Selected Sources Douka, Katerina, et al. Age Estimates for Hominin Fossils and the Onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave. Nature 565.7741 (2019): 640–44. Print.Krause, Johannes , et al. The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Genome of an Unknown Hominin from Southern Siberia. Nature 464.7290 (2010): 894–97. Print.Martinà ³n-Torres, Marà ­a, Robin Dennell, and Josà © Marà ­a Bermà ºdez de Castro. The Denisova Hominin Need Not Be an out of Africa Story. Journal of Human Evolution 60.2 (2011): 251–55. Print.Mednikova, M. B. A Proximal Pedal Phalanx of a Paleolithic Hominin from Denisova Cave, Altai. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 39.1 (2011): 129–38. Print.Reich, David, et al. Genetic History of an Archaic Hominin Group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468 (2010): 1053–60. Print.Slon, Viviane, et al. The Genome of the Offspring of a Neanderthal Mother and a Denisovan Father. Nature 561.7721 (2018): 113–16. Print.Slon, Viviane, et al. A Fourth Denisovan Individual. Science Advances 3.7 (2017): e1700186. Print.

Luxury Brands, Why People Spend a Lot of Money to Buy Luxury Goods Essay

Luxury Brands, Why People Spend a Lot of Money to Buy Luxury Goods - Essay Example People buy luxury items because they can afford it. This is the only way to show their richness to people. Luxury brands are obviously made for such people who want to prove that they are rich and they can pay any cost for their favorite things. People and fashion celebrities buy the branded goods of Louis Vuitton, Christian Louboutin and Gucci to wear robust and durable products. Louis Vuittan is footwear giant and fashion people spend a lot of money on branded products to show richness. Alexandra says, â€Å"I love the process, the quality, and the craftsmanship involved behind most good luxury products. Some people think luxury goods are very expensive and overpriced. Expensive, yes, overpriced not always.† (Alexandra 2010) Now the one more reason is export of branded items. Branded companies like Hermes, Gucci, Adidas and Nike are manufactured and used in economically strong countries. When these goods are imported by the third world countries, these goods become very expe nsive after inclusion of different taxes. Louis Vuitton is world leader in footwear collections. Other brands in competition are Prada and Alexander Wang. The very important factor behind buying the branded items is that people buy emotion, luxury, image and status linked to brand of their choice. Manufacturer keeps the interest of buyer in mind and makes items to fulfill needsof people. Inflation and difference in currency rates is also influencing factor in offering the different rates of single brand at different places of the world. Brands like Louboutin and Jimmy Choo have a big name on social media. These two are the most visited brands on the internet. Because they claim that they do not only sell shoes, they also sell the lifestyle. This is the lifestyle which convinced people to go for such stylish shoes. When Smith was asked about his interest in buying luxury brands, he reported, â€Å"Luxury brands have valid prices because they offer the best quality and whenever one u ses a brand, it speaks of its quality. They never get weird and out of fashion. They are always in fashion.† The imprecision of the bags has proved that it is one of the most desirable bags since Hermes named it after British actress Jane Birkin in 1984, the prices of these products starts from about $9,000 to about $34,000 for a crocodile skin bag (Goldsmith 2008). People pay large amounts for buying Hermes bags because of already discussed reasons. Hermes bags are good looking and are made of very fine material. Costly and finished leather is used in making of these bags. Companies depend on good labor and material. Just for making the name of brand known to people Hermes bag making is free of any shortcuts. Tonello said, â€Å"The bag has become the iconic 'it' bag, the symbol of ultimate luxury, because of its inaccessibility to the general public† (Goldsmith 2008). Another beauty of Hermes bags is that these are hand made by highly skilled people. Quantity is decid ed and then bags are made according to decided quantity. No extra bags are manufactured in a year. Making of certain number of bags depends upon the availability of skilled labor. Variety of colors and styles are used in molding the leather in a very good looking bag. This fascinates the people and they become bag lovers by paying the high costs. When